Future studies are needed

to explore the clinical impact of observed changes.”
“Purpose of review

Appropriate expression of immunomodulatory and anticoagulant proteins PD-1/PD-L1 phosphorylation on endothelial cells is essential to prevent rejection of vascularized porcine organs after transplantation into primates. Here, we review the promoter sequences used for the establishment of transgenic pigs, as organ donors for xenotransplantation.

Recent findings

Transgenic pigs were produced using viral, chicken, mouse, human, and porcine promoter sequences with ubiquitous or cell type-specific activity. In addition to the expression of human complement regulatory proteins, which were efficient to prevent hyperacute rejection of pig-to-primate xenografts, novel transgenes, targeting cellular rejection mechanisms, abnormal-blood coagulation, or the risk of viral transmission, have been published or announced in preliminary reports.

Summary

Accurate spatiotemporal expression of immunomodulatory and anticoagulant proteins on the endothelial cells of transgenic pigs is required for the successful xenotransplantation of vascularized organs into primates. Targeting transgene expression specifically

to the cells critical for xenograft AZD6244 rejection may eliminate potential side effects of ubiquitous expression. Comparison of regulatory sequences from various species indicates that carefully selected porcine promoter sequences may be beneficial to achieve this aim.”
“Objective: To elucidate the effect of hepatitis

B virus (HBV) infection on breastfeeding uptake in Chinese mothers in an endemic region. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort study on 63 885 consecutive pregnant delivered between January 1997 and June 2008, were extracted from computerized database to examine the relationship between breastfeeding uptake and maternal HBV status, adjusted for demographic factors. Results: A total of 6593 (10.3%) women were hepatitis B surface selleck chemicals llc antigen (HBsAg)-positive, with an annual prevalence of around 10%. In the study period, 29 869 (46.8%) practised breastfeeding, and its prevalence ranged from 35.4 to 54.8% with an increasing trend throughout the years (p < 0.001). HBsAg-positive mothers had a significantly lower rate of breastfeeding (39.2 vs. 47.6% p < 0.001). Multiparas had higher incidence of HBV infection (10.9 vs. 9.8%, p < 0.001) and lower breastfeeding rate (42.2% versus 51.0%, p < 0.001) when compared with primiparas. Among those factors, maternal HBV infection had the strongest negative association with breastfeeding (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 0.726,95% confidence interval (Cl): 0.689-0.765). Conclusions: Our results suggested maternal HBV infection was one of the factors for the persistently low breastfeeding rate in Hong Kong over the past decades.

Conclusion: This

study demonstrates improved auditory, speech language and cognitive performances in children implanted below 12 months of age compared to children implanted later. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“A protease producing marine bacterium, Bacillus MLN8237 concentration halodurans CAS6 isolated from marine sediments, was found to produce higher enzyme by utilizing shrimp shell powder. Optimum culture conditions for protease production were 50 A degrees C, pH 9.0, 30 % NaCl and 1 % shrimp shell powder (SSP) and the protease purified with a specific activity of 509.84 U/mg. The enzyme retained 100 % of its original activity even at 70 A degrees C, pH 10.0 and 30 % NaCl for 1 h. The purified protease exhibited higher stability when treated with ionic, non-ionic (72-94 %) and commercial detergents (76-88

%), and organic solvents (88-126 %). Significant blood stain removal activity was found with the enzyme in washing experiments. The culture supernatant supplemented with 1 % SSP showed 93.67 +/- A 2.52 % scavenging activity and FT-IR analysis of the reaction mixture confirmed the presence of antioxidants such as cyclohexane and cyclic depsipeptide with aliphatic amino groups. These remarkable qualities found with this enzyme produced by Bacillus halodurans CAS6 could make this as an ideal candidate to develop the industrial process for bioconversion of marine wastes and antioxidant synthesis.”
“Condensation of 1-phenylsulfanylpropan-2-one with 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.1(3,8)]dodecane gave 1-phenylsulfanyl-3,6-diazahomoadamantan-9-one which was reduced to 1-phenylsulfanyl-3,6-diazahomoadamantane, and the latter Epigenetics inhibitor was subjected to desulfurization over Raney nickel to obtain previously unknown 3,6-diazahomoadamantane. Heating of 9-phenyl-3,6-diazahomoadamantan-9-ols with Raney nickel resulted in reduction of the hydroxy group with formation of 9-phenyl-3,6-diazahomoadamantanes.”
“Discogenic GSI-IX pain is an important cause of low back pain (LBP). We have developed a

pulsed radiofrequency (P-RF) technique, using two electrodes placed bilaterally in the annulus, for applying radiofrequency current in the disc (bi-annular P-RF disc method). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the bi-annular P-RF disc method, using Diskit needles (Neurotherm, Middleton, MA, USA) in patients with discogenic LBP. The subjects were 15 patients with a mean age of 37.3 +/- A 8.63 years with chronic discogenic lower back pain that was not responsive to aggressive nonoperative care. Two Diskit II needles (15-cm length, 20G needles with a 20-mm active tip) were placed bilaterally in the annulus in the disc. Pulsed radiofrequency was applied for 12 min at a setting of 5 x 50 ms/s and 60 V. The pain intensity scores on a 0-10 numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) were measured pretreatment, and at 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months post-treatment. The mean pain severity score (NRS) improved from 7.27 +/- A 0.

A total of 1275 SSR markers were screened for polymorphism between the two parents, and 552 markers of them displayed polymorphism, of which

64 were selected for genotyping the 111 BC5F6 ILs. Field trials learn more were performed in a Latinized alpha-lattice design in Luoyang and Jiaozuo of Henan Province of China in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 cropping seasons. One-way ANOVA and interval mapping (IM) analysis were used to detect QTL for crossability between wheat and rye. A total of 13 putative QTLs were detected. Five of them, QCa.caas.1A, QCa.caas.2D, QCa.caas.4B, QCa.caas.5B and QCa.caas.6A, were detected in both trials and three of them, QCa.caas.2D, QCa.caas.4B and QCa.caas.6A, were novel. The positive effect allele of the four QTLs came from the donor parent Am3 except QCa.caas.6A that came from the recurrent parent Laizhou953. ILs with both higher positive effect alleles and favorable agronomic traits developed in present study are elite germplasm for wide crossing in wheat. Results from the current study suggest that wheat ancestors can be rich in new sources of crossability genes.”
“The acrosome reaction (AR), an absolute requirement for spermatozoa and egg fusion, requires the influx of Ca(2+) into the spermatozoa through CDK phosphorylation voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels and store-operated channels. Maitotoxin (MTx), a Ca(2+)-mobilizing agent, has been shown to be a potent inducer of the mouse sperm AR, with a pharmacology similar

to that of the zona pellucida (ZP), possibly suggesting a common pathway for both inducers. Using recombinant human ZP3 (rhZP3), mouse ZP and two MTx channel blockers (U73122 and U73343), we investigated and compared the MTx- and ZP-induced ARs in human and mouse spermatozoa. Herein, we report that MTx induced AR and elevated intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) in human spermatozoa, both of which were blocked by U73122 and U73343. These two compounds also inhibited the MTx-induced AR in mouse spermatozoa. In disagreement with our previous proposal, the AR triggered by rhZP3 or mouse ZP was not blocked

by U73343, indicating that in human and mouse ABT737 spermatozoa, the AR induction by the physiological ligands or by MTx occurred through distinct pathways. U73122, but not U73343 (inactive analogue), can block phospholipase C (PLC). Another PLC inhibitor, edelfosine, also blocked the rhZP3- and ZP-induced ARs. These findings confirmed the participation of a PLC-dependent signalling pathway in human and mouse zona protein-induced AR. Notably, edelfosine also inhibited the MTx-induced mouse sperm AR but not that of the human, suggesting that toxin-induced AR is PLC-dependent in mice and PLC-independent in humans. Asian Journal of Andrology (2011) 13, 159-165; doi: 10.1038/aja.2010.80; published online 13 September 2010″
“Nowadays, nanocomposites are a special class of materials having unique physical properties and wide application potential in diverse areas.

The main issues addressed by the law concern the monitoring of pain (the doctors will have to record on the clinical report form every level of pain intensity suffered by the patient, the appropriate therapy administered, and the pain relief achieved. This report must be kept accurately in all settings: hospital, day hospital and in outpatients). The law also suggests the establishment of two kinds of regional networks. One network (including Hospices) ensures the administration of palliative care to terminally ill patients; the other, including clinics and centers of pain therapy, provides assistance to patients with selleck kinase inhibitor chronic pain. These networks involve general practitioners,

hospital specialists and pain therapy specialists in order to ensure the best patient care. Simplification of the prescription of opiate drugs is also included in the law. In the prescription of SB203580 in vitro opiates, the National Health Service medical staff can use the normal prescription form, and opiates will reimbursed by the NHS, like all other drugs. In addition, the technical papers provide precise indications of the appropriate modality of administration. The law allocates (art. 12, paragraph 2) 100 million euros per year and a,not sign 2,450,000 in the biennium 2010-2011 to implement experimental regional projects: “”hospital-territory without pain”".

The Ministry of Health has established a deadline within which this law must be implemented at the regional level, and further CCI-779 mw establishes a specific National Observatory, an annual report on the use of drugs in the treatment of pain, and other provisions. The levels of spending by region will also be monitored in compliance with this law; university courses and masters are required to update professionals involved in pain treatment. In July 2010, in Florence, during the interdisciplinary IMPACT 2010 summit, Institutions and Scientific Societies met to

define the concrete implementation of Law No. 38, in terms of the arrangements to ensure access to palliative care and pain management. Subsequently, last November, a new meeting was held bringing together medical directors from public hospitals; further meetings are planned with Regional Health Authorities to reaffirm the importance of this law and to implement it. The most important molecules in the opioids are traditionally divided into two groups: weak and strong. Among the strong analgesics are morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, hydromorphone. Among the weak are codeine and tramadol, or opiates administered at low doses, such as oxycodone combined with acetaminophen. IMPACT’s aim is also to stimulate scientific association to consider with attention and continuous medical education on the appropriates of diagnosis and administration of these medications according to data flow sheets approved in Italy.

Despite the high H concentration involved, a simple Fickian diffusion model SB203580 supplier results in good agreement with the SIMS data. The segregation coefficient is estimated to be 0.07 at 575 degrees C. A significant fraction of the H escapes

from the a-Si layer during SPE especially once the two a/c interfaces meet which is signified by the lack of H-related voids after a subsequent high temperature anneal. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3465547]“
“Seizure-induced syncope is uncommon and is usually due to peri-ictal bradycardia and asystole. In contrast, peri-ictal atrioventricular conduction block (AV block) has been reported only rarely. Here, we review the literature on peri-ictal AV block and describe a patient with recurrent episodes of epigastric auras that were occasionally followed by a sensation of dizziness

and syncope because of transient third-degree AV block. After installation of a cardiac pacemaker, epigastric auras persisted, whereas the sensation of dizziness and syncope stopped. MRI revealed a lesion in the left insula, leading to the notion that recurrent syncope was most likely due to ictal activity in https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html central autonomic networks. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“School-based health education is a promising approach for improving organ donation rates, but little is known about its efficacy among ethnically diverse youth. The impact of a classroom intervention was examined in a multicultural high school population where students’ ethnicities were 45% African American, 30% Asian American, and 33% Caucasian selleck compound (allowing for multiracial choices). A baseline survey was administered to all

health classes within two wk prior to intervention. On the intervention day, classes randomly assigned to the intervention group received an educational session, followed by a second survey; in control classes, the second survey was taken before the educational session. At baseline, non-Caucasian ethnicity and male gender were each associated with lower levels of willingness to donate. Following the intervention, students in the intervention group demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge scores (p < 0.001), as well as positive movement of opinion regarding willingness to donate (p < 0.0001). Most importantly, the positive changes in opinion occurred independently of ethnicity and gender, in spite of these both being negative predictors of opinion at baseline. These results demonstrate that even a single classroom exposure can impact knowledge levels, correct misinformation, and effect opinion change on organ donation among an ethnically diverse adolescent population.”
“We present systematic studies of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and microwave properties of a new class of shielding material, i.e., the ferromagnetic microwires-embedded polymer composites.

A severe

asthma service provides a systematic approach to the management of the disease and aids in confirming the correct diagnosis, managing comorbid conditions that may mimic or aggravate asthma, and provides the environment to optimize treatment and asthma self-management skills and education. A severe asthma service is also the ideal environment for trialling add-on therapies and hence can improve patient outcomes and clinical practice. Within such a service there are many opportunities for training and research. In this articlewe describe the purpose selleck kinase inhibitor of a severe asthma clinic, the necessary components of a service including staffing and facilities and the processes for trialling additional therapies used in the management of severe asthma.”
“Purpose of review

This review aims to provide a general overview of the recent advances in understanding of depression as it pertains to heart failure. The focus is to impart an up to date knowledge in this field.

Recent findings

The mortality associated with heart failure remains high despite recent pharmacologic interventions that have improved survival. The situation is complicated by recent recognition of depression being widespread in this population. Depression is a hard diagnosis,

as some SB202190 of the features coincide with the symptoms of heart failure. Recently the psychological sequelae of depression have been under major scrutiny, as it has been associated with increased morbidity. In addition, current data are quite compelling on prevalence of depression in heart failure patients. Therefore, it is imperative to highlight the recent challenges and to recognize areas requiring future research.

Summary

Despite the prevalence of depression in heart failure, we remain abysmal in detecting, diagnosing and treating depression, which remains an independent predictor of mortality. Therefore, more research and more awareness are required in this arena.”
“Contents Our previous cDNA microarray study showed that the growth hormone (GH) gene may involve in BAY 63-2521 cell line the duck egg formation process. The

purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between GH genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and reproductive traits of Tsaiya ducks. Primer pairs for the coding region in the GH were designed based on the duck genomic sequence. Polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand polymorphism (SSCP) and were verified by DNA sequencing. Nineteen SNPs were identified in the duck GH gene, of which three coding SNPs (C3169T, C3700T and C5058G) were genotyped to investigate the associations with reproductive traits. The results showed that each SNP was associated with at least one duck fertility-related trait (p < 0.05). Haplotypes constructed on these three SNPs were associated with fertility rate (FR) and maximum duration of fertility (MDF) (p < 0.05).

27-0.69, all P<0.001). Closer observations of drug utilization profiles among these patient groups are recommended, and future studies should evaluate the reasons for drug switching. Journal of Human Hypertension (2010) 24, 669-677; doi:10.1038/jhh.2009.109; published online 7 January 2010″
“In LCL161 solubility dmso vitro antioxidant capacity of thirteen genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) collected during three different growing stages (vegetative, reproductive and maturity) have been evaluated. For the vegetative stage (VS) and reproductive stage (RS) the whole plant (WP) has been used for the analysis

while for the maturity stage (MS) the plant was divided and analyzed in different parts, the whole seed (WS), seed coat (SC), cotyledons (Cot) and pod (Pod). The antioxidant capacity has been evaluated by means of the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC respectively), the ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assays. The results showed different antioxidant properties for the same genotype when considering the different parts or stages of the plant. High content of both total phenolics (>92.85 mg as gallic

acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dried plant) and flavonoids contents (>11.87 mg as rutin equivalent (RE)/g of dried selleck screening library plant) were found for all genotypes during the vegetative and the reproductive stages, which also showed the highest antioxidant activity (FRAP value >= 1.157 mmol/g and DPPH radical-scavenging capacity >43.49%), indicating their potential as natural sources of antioxidant foods. For the maturity stage, the highest values for the TPC,TFC, FRAP and DPPH scavenging capacity were observed for the pods and the lowest for the cotyledons.

The results of this study indicate that faba beans

are a good source of natural antioxidants independently to their genotype. The quantification of the antioxidant capacity according to the stage and the plant part could be suitable for applications on the food industry in relation to production and preservation of faba bean food products. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Thalidomide is a drug that, since its development, has made history in the world of medicine-having been withdrawn and now selleck chemicals llc has returned with a boom as an anticancer and immunomodulatory drug. However, its mode of action in various diseases (i.e. different types of hematologic malignancies, solid tumors) as well as in various infections (i.e. pneumonia, tuberculosis, HIV infection etc.) and related inflammatory conditions is not well understood. As the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both infection-related as well as noninfectious (i.e. cancer) inflammatory diseases, much research has been done in the past few years to discover and design better immunomodulatory agents.

This matched case-control study investigated whether MD represents an independent risk factor. Mammograms were obtained from 1025 breast cancer patients and from 520 healthy controls. MD was measured using

a quantitative computer-based threshold method (0-100%). Breast cancer patients had a higher MD than healthy controls (38 vs. 32%, P < 0.01). MD was significantly higher in association with factors such as age over 60 years, body mass index (BMI) of 25-30 kg/m(2), nulliparity or low parity (one to two births). Average MD was inversely associated P505-15 with age, BMI, parity and positively associated with age at first full-term pregnancy. MD was higher in women with at least one first-degree relative affected, but only among patients and not in the group of healthy controls (P < 0.01/P = 0.61). In women with an MD of 25% or more, the risk of breast cancer was doubled compared with women with an MD of less

LY294002 concentration than 10% (odds ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.4; P < 0.01); in the postmenopausal subgroup, the risk was nearly tripled (odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.6-4.7; P < 0.001). This study provides further evidence that MD is an important risk factor for breast cancer. These results indicate strong associations between MD and the risk of breast cancer in a matched case-control study in Germany. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 20:1-8 WZB117 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“In this work, low grade crude palm oil (LGCPO) with high free fatty acids (FFA) content is introduced as a possible biodiesel production feedstock alternative. The pre-treatment of LGCPO was conducted using ammonium-based deep eutectic solvent which consisted of hydrogen bond donor (i.e. p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate) (PTSA) and salt (i.e. N,N-diethylenethanol ammonium chloride)

as a novel recyclable catalyst (DEAC-DES). The DEAC-DES was used in different dosages to reduce the level of FFA to the acceptable limit for biodiesel production. The esterification reaction was carried out to evaluate the effect of varying reaction operating conditions on the reduction of FFA content. The FFA content of LGCPO was reduced from 9.5% to less than 1% using optimum conditions. Four recycling runs of the DEAC-DES were achieved. The conversion of PTSA to deep eutectic solvent improved the recyclability of the acid and the physical properties such as the elimination of acid hygroscopicity. The LGCPO biodiesel fulfilled the international standards. This study demonstrates a potential route for biodiesel production from abundance LGCPO using DEAC-DES and an alkaline catalyst. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The lengths (median) of the free portions of the left uterine artery and vein were 68 mm and 55 mm, and the right uterine artery and vein were 65 mm and 50 mm, respectively. The inter-external iliac artery distance (median) was 90 mm.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates

that long vascular pedicles can be obtained after selective dissections of the uterine arteries and veins without compromising postoperative recovery in a live uterine donor situation. (Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:1219-25) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318255006f”
“Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a Cilengitide cell line serious complication of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). The syndrome almost always presents either after hCG administration in susceptible patients or during early pregnancy. Despite many years of clinical experience, there are no precise methods to completely

prevent severe OHSS, except by withholding the ovulation-inducing trigger of hCG. Recently, COH which combining GnRH antagonist co-treatment and GnRH agonist trigger has become a common tool aiming to eliminate severe early OHSS. However, the observed decrease in implantation and pregnancy rates following this approach has encouraged different modifications of luteal support aiming to buy Salubrinal improve outcome. One of the suggest approach is the 1500 IU hCG luteal rescue, which appears to be a promising protocol, aiming to reduce (rather than eliminating) severe early OHSS, without compromising outcome. In the present paper we discuss

the different suggested strategies and offer a strict triage, aimed at eliminating the occurrence of severe OHSS based on several clinical observations, including the role of GnRH-antagonist in COH protocols, the use of different luteal rescue protocols and the ability to transfer embryos in the blastocyst stage.”
“Background: Vessel diameter is the principal imaging parameter assessed clinically for aortic disease, but adverse events can occur at normal diameters. Aortic stiffness has been studied as an additional imaging-based risk factor, Ruboxistaurin and has been shown to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality. Reports suggest that some aortic pathology is asymmetric around the vessel circumference, a feature which would not be identified with current imaging approaches. We propose that this asymmetry may be revealed using Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE). The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of assessing asymmetric stretch in healthy and diseased ascending aortas using DENSE.

Methods: Aortic wall displacement was assessed with DENSE cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in 5 volunteers and 15 consecutive patients. Analysis was performed in a cross-sectional plane through the ascending aorta at the pulmonary artery.

Four clinical officers scored the CXRs for abnormalities consistent with TB. We compared the automated readings and the readings by clinical officers XMU-MP-1 in vivo against the bacteriological and radiological results used as reference. We report here the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and kappa (K) statistics.

RESULTS: Of 161 enrolled subjects, 97 had bacteriologically confirmed TB and 120 had

abnormal CXR. The AUCs for CAD4TB and the clinical officers were respectively 0.73 and 0.65-0.75 in comparison with the bacteriological reference, and 0.91 and 0.89-0.94 in comparison with the radiological reference. P values indicated no significant differences, except for one clinical officer who performed significantly worse than CAD4TB (P < 0.05) using the bacteriological reference. K values for CAD4TB and clinical officers with radiological reference were respectively 0.61 and 0.49-0.67.

CONCLUSION:

CXR assessment using CAD4TB and by clinical officers is comparable. CAD4TB has potential as a point-of-care test and for the automated identification of subjects who require further examinations.”
“The Aurivillius-type bismuth layer-structured (NaBi)(0.46)(LiCe)(0.04)Bi4Ti4O15 (NBT-LiCe) piezoelectric Pevonedistat ceramics were synthesized using conventional solid-state processing. Phase analysis was performed by x-ray diffraction and microstructural morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and electromechanical properties of NBT-LiCe ceramics were investigated. The piezoelectric activities were found to be significantly enhanced compared to NBT ceramics, which can be attributed to the lattice distortion and the presence of bismuth vacancies. The dielectric and electromechanical properties of NBT-LiCe ceramics at elevated temperature were investigated in detail. The excellent

piezoelectric, dielectric, and electromechanical properties, coupled with high Curie temperature (T-c=660 degrees C), demonstrated that the NBT-LiCe ceramics are the promising candidates for high temperature applications. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3117219]“
“Case Description-13 Liproxstatin-1 price equids (10 horses, 2 donkeys, and 1 pony) were examined for signs of colic (n = 7), weight loss (6), anorexia (3), and diarrhea (2). Ten equids were evaluated in the fall (September to November). Seven equids had a history of persimmon ingestion.

Clinical Findings-A diagnosis of phytobezoar caused by persimmon ingestion was made for all equids. Eight equids had gastric persimmon phytobezoars; 5 had enteric persimmon phytobezoars. Gastroscopy or gastroduodenoscopy revealed evidence of persimmon ingestion in 8 of 10 equids in which these procedures were performed.

Treatment and Outcome-2 of 13 equids were euthanatized prior to treatment.