Induction of diabetes decreased testicular StAR mRNA expression by 66% and MAE treatment enhanced mRNA expression to the same level of the control group. However, the expression of P540scc was not significantly decreased in the diabetic group as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that MAE significantly increased Ts production in the diabetic rats, probably through the induction of StAR mRNA expression levels. Administration of MAE to

experimental models of diabetes can effectively Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical attenuate oxidative stress-mediated testosterone depletion. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Morus alba, Oxidative stress, Testosterone Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. It has been estimated that the prevalence of DM will increase from 275 million adults in 2010 to 439 million by 2030.1 It has been posited that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogeneses of DM.2 Accumulated data suggest that DM

is linked with male reproductive dysfunction.3 In rats, diabetes induces apoptosis in the testicular germ cell4 and decreases sperm count and plasma testosterone (Ts) levels.5 However, the potential contribution Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of oxidative stress due to diabetic condition in the development of testicular abnormalities has not been fully selleck clarified. It has been shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can inhibit the steroid hormone production of cultured leydig cells by directly Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical affecting the steroidogenic enzymes.6 Be that as it may, the testicular

activity of steroidogenic proteins under diabetic condition has yet to be studied. Steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR) and P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) are two important proteins that catalyze the first steps in steroidogenesis.7 Diemer et al.8 demonstrated that the in vitro exposure of MA-10 tumor leydig cells to ROS decreased StAR protein expression levels. Morus alba (mulberry) is a plant rich in phytochemicals, which have an important role in diet-based therapies to cure several diseases.9 Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Morus alba leaf extract (MAE) in Streptozotocin-induced Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical diabetic rats has been shown.10,11 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the long-term administration of MAE on oxidative stress markers and steroidogenesis in diabetic rats. The likely mechanism of Metalloexopeptidase MAE action on steroidogenesis was also explored. Materials and Methods Chemicals Streptozotocin, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), nicotine-amid-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), glutathione reductase (GR), tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), and other high-grade chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Preparation of Morus Alba Leaf Extract Leaves of Morus alba were collected from a local area (Shiraz, Iran) in April.

​(Fig.6A)6A) and in the horizontal slots (Fig. ​(Fig.6B),6B), in each phase in each monkey. In the vertical slots in phase I, four monkeys exhibited a significant preference to use one hand over the other (left-hand preference in Mk-AN and Mk-TH; right-hand preference in Mk-DI and Mk-LO), whereas the other four monkeys did not show any significant hand preference (Mk-AT, Mk-CA, Mk-MA, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Mk-MI). In phase II, most of the scores for the vertical slots did not exhibit a

significant difference between both hands, except for Mk-LO and Mk-MA, with a significant preference for their right hand. In the horizontal slots (Fig. ​(Fig.6B),6B), in phase I, all monkeys but Mk-MA showed a significant hand preference. Four monkeys (Mk-AN, Mk-AT, Mk-MI, and Mk-TH) used preferably their left hand, whereas three monkeys (Mk-CA, Mk-DI, and Mk-LO) used more often their right hand. In phase

II, five out of eight monkeys showed a preference for one hand over the other, with a left-hand preference in Mk-AT Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Mk-MI, whereas Mk-CA, Mk-LO, and Mk-MA exhibited a right-hand preference. Overall, there were clearly more significant hand preferences observed for the horizontal slots than for the vertical slots (Fig. ​(Fig.66). Figure 6 Hand preference statistical analysis for monkeys, applied to the modified Brinkman board task data, with free use of the two hands simultaneously, as find more illustrated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in Figure ​Figure5,5, and represented by box and whiskers plots. Scores for vertical … The HI, derived from the three other tasks performed by the monkeys (the bimanual board task (Fig. ​(Fig.1B),1B), the tube task (Fig. ​(Fig.1C),1C), and the drawer task (Fig. ​(Fig.1D),1D), were plotted on the same bar graph (Fig. ​(Fig.7A,7A, rightmost part Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the graph, separated from human subjects Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by

a vertical black line). In most cases, these three tasks were lateralized (large positive or negative HI). Mk-TH was the only monkey to exhibit a coherent hand preference for all three tasks, with a systematically positive HI, corresponding to a significant right-hand preference (P < 0.05; binomial test). In the other seven animals, there was an absence of systematic consistency across tasks. Three monkeys (Mk-AN, Mk-CA, and Mk-DI) exhibited a preference for the right hand in the bimanual board and the tube tasks (positive HI) and a preference Phosphoprotein phosphatase for the left hand in the drawer task (negative HI). These HI values were statistically significant (meaning lateralized; binomial test P < 0.05), except in Mk-CA for the tube task (Fig. ​(Fig.77A). Mk-LO and Mk-MI shared a comparable general pattern of HI distribution among the three tasks (Fig. ​(Fig.7A),7A), namely a clearly positive HI (>0.5) for the bimanual board and the drawer tasks, whereas the HI was strongly negative for the tube task (Fig. ​(Fig.7A).7A). In these two animals, all HI values were statistically significant (lateralized; P < 0.05).

30 In the absence of light input to the clock, nonphotic time cues are obviously a potential therapeutic option to treat non-24-hour circadian rhythms disorder

in the blind. There are currently no therapeutic guidelines, but some preliminary research suggests that it may be beneficial for patients to try to maintain a regular 24-hour schedule. Klerman Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and colleagues92 showed that the circadian system of a blind man with a period of 24.1 h became entrained when he lived on a 23.8 h “day.” AU aspects of his schedule were shifted simultaneously in this protocol including the sleep-wake cycle, meal times, activity, posture, and interaction with staff, precluding identification of the effective time signal, but collectively at least they were able to induce a phase advance. Other attempts to entrain circadian rhythms in blind people using a “potential complex ”zeitgeber“ including exercise (bicycle riding, 50 W over 15 mins), a strict social routine, a cold shower, and a heavy protein breakfast37 appeared to have induced a shift in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the timing of sleep and temperature rhythms, find more although it is not clear whether entrainment occurred. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The relative weakness of nonphotic time cues is readily observed; however, in the majority of totally blind people who are not entrained when living in society (see above), where they are exposed to many 24-hour time cues

such as work or school schedules, mealtimes, sleepwake schedules, activity, alarm clocks, family and social interaction, and so on. The inability to entrain to these schedules is dependent on an individual’s intrinsic circadian period as the weak nonphotic time cues with have narrow ”limits of entrainment,“ the range of periods over which nonphotic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cues can have an effect. If an individual’s circadian period is too far from 24 hours, the weak nonphotic time Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical signals will be unable to entrain it. Treatment of circadian rhythm disorders in the blind While some other drugs have been shown to shift

the timing of the clock (for review, see ref 30) the most promising therapeutic strategy for treatment found of non-24hour sleep-wake disorder is daily administration of melatonin. Although it was shown more than 20 years ago that melatonin treatment could entrain free running rhythms in rats93 and could cause phase advance shifts in humans,94,95 demonstration of entrainment in free running humans took longer to prove. Initial experiments using daily treatment with 5 mg or higher doses either failed to affect the circadian pacemaker at all56,96 or shortened period without inducing entrainment.97,98 These and other cases99-104 did report some improvement or stabilization of the sleep-wake cycle in these patients,105 most likely through the direct soporific effects of melatonin.105,108 In 1996, we began a re-examination of the entraining effects of melatonin in seven men with non-24-hour rhythms with a period >24 hours.

The oral risperidone group had persistent symptoms or side effects. Patients had high scores in the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), even though they were considered stable. However, these patients

could not be considered refractory to antipsychotics. Subjects were switched to RLAI from their previous therapeutic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical medications as follows. Subjects were given an initial dose of RLAI 25 mg in addition to their previous therapeutic medications, and received gluteal injections at 2-week intervals, alternating the left and right sides. After 4 weeks, by which point the blood concentration had started to rise, the dosages of the subjects’ previous therapeutic medications were reduced so that the subjects received total dosages equivalent to the dosages of their previous therapeutic medications. After 6 weeks, the RLAI dosage was increased as necessary to optimize the dose, and all subjects were receiving RLAI monotherapy. It was therefore possible to investigate the intrinsic effect of cognitive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical function of RLAI. Following RLAI Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical optimal dose adjustment, wherever possible the dosages of any concomitant medications, including anti-Parkinson’s medications, were reduced. When switching subjects to RLAI, the antipsychotic equivalents calculation

table of Inagaki and Inada was used as a guideline for calculating antipsychotic equivalents [Inagaki and Inada, 2010], and the subjects’

daily dosages was calculated in terms of risperidone equivalents. Only patients who had provided voluntarily informed consent in writing to participate in this study upon receiving a full explanation of the purpose and method of the study were enrolled, while patient Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical confidentiality was afforded all due consideration, as were ethical considerations. Clinical and cognitive assessments The following clinical and cognitive assessments were performed both at baseline and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical at 24 weeks by the psychiatrist providing the actual therapy. There were no reliability tests for those who applied the PANSS and cognitive tests. However, assessor training was provided to ensure a certain degree of reliability. PANSS was used to investigate efficacy [Kay et al. 1987]. Cognitive function was assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Keio Version (KWCST) [Kashima, 2002], and St heptaminol Marianna University School of Medicine’s Computerized Memory Test (STM-COMET) [Suzuki et al. 2011] as the executive function test and verbal memory function and attention function tests, respectively. The KWCST is the WCST [Heaton et al. 1993], which is the most widely used test of frontal lobe function, with several revisions made by Kashima [2002], the most significant of which are the reduction in the number of response cards from Milner’s 128 to 48, and the reorganization of the method used to give Etoposide instructions in two stages.

Vegetative symptoms are closely associated with these vital disturbances and coenesthesias in depression. Disturbances of sleep, appetite, and Nutlin-3 in vivo digestion are most frequent. However, there may be many

other vegetative symptoms in depression such as disordered salivation, transpiration and lacrimation, cardiac arrhythmias and dyspnea, loss of libido and various sexual dysfunctions, dys- or amen? orrhea, loss of or increase in body weight, decreased turgor of the skin, loss of hair, decrease in body temperature, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical nausea, vomiting, meteorism, dizziness, sweating, or sensations of coldness. Both vital disturbances, coenesthesias and vegetative symptoms, are typically coexistent with the well-known affective, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms of depression. With respect to the different settings of medical care, however, these psychological symptoms of depression may be masked by a dominant reporting of somatic symptoms. M. Bleuler addressed the point in his book Depressions Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in Primary Care, in 1943: “It is a common and frequent observation that depressive patients with single somatic complaints come to the consulting room of the general practitioner, internal specialist, and even the surgeon, gynecologist, ophthalmologist, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical urologist and other medical

specialists, and spontaneously, they only speak of somatic phenomena while concealing their Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical state of depressive mood. They report palpitations, tightness of the chest, loss of appetite, obstipation, pollakiuria, amenorrhea and many others. Only when one looks at their psychic state does one discover that they report numerous hypochondriac ideas also in other areas, that in addition they

produce depressive ideas of impoverishment and sin, that beyond that their whole stream of thoughts is inhibited, that the depression manifests itself not only in the somatic complaints reported, but in various other Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical bodily expressions.”5 In spite 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase of this long-standing psychopathological view on the somatic foundation of depressive mood, at least in moderate and severe clinical states, it is bewildering that the official psychiatric classification systems of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) and the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic guidelines (ICD-10) only marginally appreciate somatic symptoms as diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders while focussing on the psychological symptoms of affect and cognition. So, DSM-IV lists only three criteria of somatic symptoms for major depressive disorder: sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, and fatigue or loss of energy.

5, 5.5–7.5, 7.5–10, 10–12, 12–15, 15–23, 23–36, and 36–48 Hz. Cortical regions and spectral frequency ranges of interest can be chosen for subsequent HIRREM sessions. Examples of the output from this analysis program are shown in Figure 3, which depicts changing amplitudes in the 0–1 and 36–48 Hz frequency bands, over five successive HIRREM exercises at the temporal lobes. As of the time of this writing, new analytic software is being developed to enable computer-guided recommendations for protocols to implement in successive HIRREM sessions. The new session-to-session analytic tool performs primarily time-domain analysis of amplitudes in the 10 aforementioned ranges, aggregated over 15-sec intervals after removing

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical first and last 30 sec to eliminate artifacts related to the start or end of the TWS119 cell line exercise. Data are fitted using regression analysis to determine trends of symmetry and proportionation of spectral power. Based on the identified trends, HIRREM protocol suggestions are made for the next session. Figure 3 Changing asymmetry at the bilateral temporal

lobes over the course of five successive HIRREM exercises, in the 0–1 Hz (A) and 36–48 Hz (B) frequency bands. Yellow line represents amplitudes at T3, and red line represents amplitudes at … Use of HIRREM master database to guide iterative innovations in hardware and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical software All data associated with the HIRREM procedure including responses to the questionnaires, the assessments, and all HIRREM exercises are stored locally on computers at various locations throughout the world where HIRREM is provided. These locations are linked by Internet to the corporate headquarters of the developers

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of HIRREM technology (Brain State Technologies, Scottsdale, AZ). On a nightly basis, these data are uploaded without personal identifiers into a master database located at the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical corporate headquarters. The information in this database allows for exploratory hypothesis testing to identify possible correlations between symptom clusters and EEG patterns, thereby facilitating the refinement of HIRREM Casein kinase 1 software designs and protocol options. Thus, HIRREM technology is continuously adjusted and refined to selectively provide resonance for cortical regions and EEG spectral ranges which may better assist the subject’s own unique self-regulatory process. Notably, the master database is not used to generate normative values for EEG parameters, against which subjects would be compared and which would be held as a basis for therapeutic goals. Results Overview As of September 2012, HIRREM technology is being used by over 200 providers in North America, Europe, South Africa, Asia, and Australia. Over 50,000 subjects have undergone HIRREM worldwide and are contained in the database. Case series of outcomes have been reported for individuals with neurodegenerative disease (Singh and Gerdes 2009a) and depression (Singh and Gerdes 2009b).

gov/). How are regulatory requirements determined? Sometimes it is obvious where a product will be reviewed. A small molecule that will be used to treat depression or schizophrenia will be reviewed in the Division of Neurological Drug Products. If the designation is not clear, in order to determine which center and which group within

that center will have primary product review, it may be I-BET151 nmr appropriate to ask the FDA for clarification. Another alternative is to submit a Request for Designation.5 In the Request for Designation, the sponsoring company may suggest what the primary reviewing center should be. Since an original investigational new drug (IND) is submitted to the Document Control Room at FDA, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the FDA will designate the primary reviewing center and division if the sponsor does nothing. The latter strategy is rarely adopted: it. is almost, always a. good idea to meet with FDA prior to an IND Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical submission. Contacting the FDA What should be the initial exposure to FDA rules and regulations? It is a good idea to be very familiar with the regulations. The formal source of regulations

is Title 21 of the CFR. FDA guidance documents for specific issues are also available. Consultants, including regulatory attorneys, are available for consultations. Companies such as contract research organizations (CROs) may also have regulatory specialists as part of their services. How are specific toxicological, chemical, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and clinical requirements determined? There are publications available in the Federal Register as Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical well as online at the FDA web site. It is a good idea to review these publications, and then have access to experts who are knowledgeable with specific requirements. It is important to distinguish those vendors who provide services such as toxicology and manufacturing from those

who plan toxicology and manufacturing programs. Just because a site can perform services, does not mean that they know how to design a development program. What shoidd be the initial contact Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with the FDA and how shoidd it be carried out? After completing the above background tasks, make an initial call to the division of interest and briefly introduce yourself. Discuss the project and its status and discuss the option of an initial meeting. If a meeting is decided upon, establish action items, plan Dipeptidyl peptidase meeting dates, send in the briefing document with an agenda, and prepare for the meeting. Find out how many copies the FDA needs. Put in proposed meeting dates and blackout dates, let the FDA know when the briefing document has been sent, and confirm receipt over the phone. Preparation for the initial FDA meeting In general, it is usually a good idea to assign one person to organize and champion the meeting. It is critical to prepare a well-thought-out document, containing the meeting agenda; attendees; rationale for the product; chemical characteristics of the drug and how it.

88 If clozapine, which is superior to other atypical antipsychotics in treating negative and cognitive symptoms,10 works through the GMS, it may be possible to achieve comparable benefits without the troubling side effects of clozapine such as agranulocytosis, weight gain, and metabolic syndrome by using other agents that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical enhance GMS occupancy. D-amino acid oxidase The peroxisomal enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) converts D-serine to hydroxy-pyruvate in the brain, yielding hydrogen peroxide

as a by-product.89 DAAO expression was originally believed to be restricted to astrocytes in the mammalian cerebellum,90 but has since been observed in neurons.91 Inhibitors of DAAO would be expected to increase D-serine in the brain, and could thereby Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical increase GMS occupancy. Direct evidence of involvement of DAAO in schizophrenia is somewhat controversial. DAAO has been implicated as a putative schizophrenia gene by linkage and

association methods, but meta-analyses have revealed that the disease-associated variants of the gene are different across studies,92,93precluding a simple functional hypothesis Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical based on the findings. Postmortem studies of brain DAAO expression in schizophrenia have reported elevated transcript levels and enzyme activity.69,94-96 G72, a mysterious Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical putative interacting protein of DAAO, is coded for in a linkage region click here identified for schizophrenia by multiple studies, and considered one of the strongest genetic risk factors for schizophrenia identified using linkage analysis. The link between G72 and DAAO originates from a yeast 2-hybrid study from which DAAO emerged as a G72 inter-actor.97 An in vitro functional assay suggested that G72 protein is an activator Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of DAAO; but more recent studies demonstrate that it inhibits DAAO.

According to this conceptualization, mutations in G72 would result in disinhibition of DAAO, thereby reducing the availability of D-serine. However, despite significant attention paid to it pursuant to its repeated appearance in the schizophrenia genetic literature, to date the protein has been observed only in heterologous expression systems. It should be noted that DAAO activity is not specific to D-serine, so manipulating the activity of this enzyme MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit can affect the levels of other D-amino acids. Several pharmaceutical companies have established DAAO inhibitor programs. While there are no published clinical data, preclinical studies have revealed promising behavioral effects. Adage et al98 reported that DAAO inhibitor, AS057278, significantly increased cortical Dserine, corrected PCP induced prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits and normalized PCP-induced hyperactivity, a behavioral surrogate for psychosis.

The physicochemical characteristics of the building blocks influence the physical and biological properties of the PMs [55]. Hence, micelle-forming block copolymers have been the focus of several studies over the past few years. For oral drug delivery system, the block copolymers used to form micelles should (1) spontaneously self-assemble in water, (2) enhance drug solubility by several orders of magnitude and provide high loading efficiency, (3) remain stable upon dilution in the GI tract, (4) be biocompatible and nontoxic, and (5) be easy to synthesize at large scale [28, 56, 57]. The Rapamycin manufacturer choice of core-forming polymers is the major determinant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for important properties of PMs

such as stability, drug loading capacity, and drug release profiles [58]. Poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) [53, 59] which belongs to Pluronics, poly(esters) such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) [60], hydrophobic poly(amino acids) [61], copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acids [62, 63], and poly(caprolactone) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (PCL) [64], which are regarded as the commonly used core-forming blocks of PMs, and have been studied in the past 10 years. These core-forming polymers

cover a wide range of structural diversity and polarity for solubilizing numbers of poorly water-soluble drugs Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical [51, 52]. Meanwhile, the chemical nature and molecular weight of the hydrophilic block will strongly affect the stealth properties and accordingly influence the circulation kinetics Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the micellar assembly. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is most commonly used as the hydrophilic segment of the block copolymers, since it is a nontoxic polymer with FDA approval

as a component of various pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, its unique physicochemical properties (high water solubility, high flexibility, and large exclusion volume) provide good “stealth” properties for PMs [65, 66], while poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) [67] and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) [68] are frequently used as PEG alternatives. 4. PMs for Enhancement of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Bioavailability The main mechanisms involved in the enhancement of drug absorption by PMs are: (1) protection of the loaded drug from the harsh environment of the GI tract, (2) Dipeptidyl peptidase release of the loaded drug in a controlled manner at target sites, (3) prolongation of the residence time in the gut by mucoadhesion, and (4) inhibition of efflux pumps to improve drug accumulation [69]. Several physicochemical parameters seem to influence translocation of micelles across the epithelium, including surface hydrophobicity, polymer nature, and particle size [69]. There exist many characteristics of PMs that allow them to traverse across the epithelium. For example, PMs with appropriate particle size can be taken up and then cross the intestinal barrier [40, 70, 71].

For the fixed DNA geometries, when a few DNA bases at the ends are not free to move with other atoms of the systems during geometry optimization, the homogeneity of wrapping

angles improves significantly; see Figure 3 (left panel). Overall, the deviation from a mean value of wrapping angle is about 10°–15° for the PKI-587 purchase structures with fixed ends and up to 20°–30° for structures with free ends. Figure 4 shows the binding energy of the DNA and the (6,5) SWNT as a function of the average wrapping angle. The minimum of the curve indicates the most stable Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hybrid configuration with the strongest interaction between the tube surface and the DNA strand. For all C-mers, a well-defined minimum is found in the range of 58°–63°; these wrapping angles correlate well with the chiral angle of the (6,5) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tube. For the G-mer, the minimum is slightly shifted towards smaller angles of 50°–60°. For all hybrids we considered, the energy barrier around the minimum is about 0.2-0.3eV, which is significantly higher than thermal fluctuation energies.

The CNT-DNA interactions are also very substantial (−0.6eV and −0.8eV) implying very stable hybrid configurations for wrapping angles of 50°–63°. Thus, we conclude that hybrids with DNA wrapped in correlation with the (6,5) chirality of nanotube have extremely stable configurations. For these structures, ssDNA is unlikely Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to be detached from the tube because of external perturbations, such as ambient thermal vibrations, solvent effects, and exchanges with blood serum. All these observations point to the utility of DNA-functionalized Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical CNT for medicinal purposes. Figure 4 Variation of the binding energy of the CNT-DNA hybrids with the DNA wrapping angle. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The solid lines correspond to hybrid configurations with fixed ends, that is, where the end bases of the DNA molecule are fixed and all other atoms of the hybrid system … The smaller the wrapping angle of

C-mers, the larger the energy, reflecting much weaker interaction of cytosine-oligomers with the CNT for these geometries. In contrast, G-mers provide very stable configurations not only at 50°–60° but also at small wrapping found angles of 10°–20°. Interestingly, not all guanine molecules are oriented parallel to the tube surface at small wrapping angles, as observed for cytosine-oligomers: a few guanine bases have nearly normal orientation to the tube surface and form the π–π stacking with each other. This behavior most likely originates from a larger size of guanines compared to cytosines, which favors such interactions. The difference between C-mer and G-mer optimal wrapping angles, at which the most stable hybrid conformations occur, may explain a previously observed difference in stability of CNT-DNA hybrids with respect to the chemical structure/sequence of the adsorbed DNA.