Results are expressed as the percentage of intracellular bacteria that were recovered relative to the PA14 WT. The box plots (median, thick line in

the box) represent the mean of 3 independent biological repeats, each assayed minimum in duplicate (n = ≥6). *** indicates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001), between the typA and pscC mutant and PA14 WT as determined by Whitney Mann test. To better understand the mechanism of virulence deficiency in the typA mutant, we additionally determined virulence in a nematode infection model using C. elegans as host organism under slow killing conditions. In contrast to the Type III secretion based killing of unicellular eukaryotic hosts like amoebae or macrophages, nematode killing is rather dependent on quorum sensing related virulence features in P. aeruginosa[4,

27]. When feeding C. elegans with PA14 wild type, typA mutant and complemented PA14 typA::ptypA + strain, we this website observed a similar worm killing rate for all tested strains with only marginal differences between PA14 wild type and typA knock-out mutant at day 4 of the incubation time (Figure 3). Figure 3 P. aeruginosa virulence towards C. elegans worms. (a) Slow killing: Kaplan-Meier survival plots of worms fed with P. aeruginosa PA14 AZD0530 clinical trial control (n = 320) (squares), PA14 typA mutant (n = 277) (diamonds) and the complemented strain PA14 typA::ptypA + mutant (n = 319) (triangles). Each value reported for the assay is the mean of measurements of nine samples from three independent experiments. TypA is involved in rapid attachment and medroxyprogesterone biofilm formation The ability to form Selleck Birinapant biofilms is a known and important factor in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa. To assess the ability of the typA mutant to develop biofilms, static microtiter assays were performed to show that PA14 typA displayed with approximately 20% reduction a statistically significant (P < 0.001 by Mann Whitney test) impairment in biofilm formation at 24 hours (Figure 4) in comparison to the PA14 WT. This biofilm defect could be complemented by heterologous

expression of wild type typA in strain PA14 typA::ptypA +. To analyze whether this biofilm formation phenotype emerged during the initial adherence phase or later during biofilm growth, a rapid attachment assay was carri d out. The mutant PA14 typA exhibited with approximately 20% reduction a statistically significant (P < 0.001 by Mann Whitney test) defect in adherence which was similar to the biofilm phenotype. Figure 4 Defects in attachment and biofilm formation in the typA mutant. (A) Requirement for typA in rapid attachment. Attachment was determined using diluted overnight cultures for 60 min at 37°C. Adhered cells were stained with crystal violet. (B) Requirement for typA in static biofilm formation. Cells were grown for 24 h at 37°C in polystyrene microtiter plates containing BM2 medium with 0.5% (w/v) casamino acids.