HBPM offers more extensive data than office BP measurement can provide, is less expensive, is widely available and convenient, and has been shown to improve patient compliance with treatment and BP control [68]. In a study of 80 patients,

HBPM was demonstrated to lead to fewer erroneous diagnoses compared with office BP measurement (3.8 % vs. 15 %, respectively), and was more effective for monitoring the effect of therapy in mild or moderate hypertension AZD0530 [70]. BP variability measured by HBPM was also not significantly different to that derived from ABPM [70]. However, unlike ABPM, HBPM does not include BP during sleep or work and cannot capture short-term variability; therefore, HBPM should be considered Tanespimycin price complementary to ABPM [71]. Once concordance between HBPM and ABPM can be established, HBPM may be appropriate for long-term monitoring [68]. A new study [Targets and self-management for the control of BP in stroke and at-risk groups (TAMSIN-SR)] will assess the value of HBPM for self-management of hypertension

in high-risk patients [72]. ABPM and HBPM are vital for the diagnosis of patients with non-sustained hypertension, who may still be at risk of adverse CV events [73]. White coat hypertension is associated with a lower risk of organ damage and CV events than sustained hypertension, and patients with raised BP on ABPM or HBPM show increased risk of CV and all-cause mortality [73]. Moreover, patients with white Birinapant mouse coat hypertension

may respond differently to antihypertensive agents, and develop more AEs, compared with patients who have sustained hypertension [66]. Masked hypertension is prevalent in those with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea [74]. These patients may only have high normal office BP, but demonstrate a greater risk for organ damage and CV events than patients with white coat hypertension [2]. However, many patients with non-sustained (or masked) hypertension remain undiagnosed, presenting a hidden risk for future CV events. Waiting SPTLC1 to treat hypertension increases total risk, and progression to high risk is often not entirely reversible [41]. Therefore, diagnosing and treating non-sustained hypertension is likely to be beneficial in the longer term. Nonetheless, classification of patients based solely on differences between in- and out-of-office BP measurements may be misleading, as it may not consider the significance of BP during sleep [75]. Many international guidelines are now in agreement that ABPM should be used for the exclusion or confirmation of white coat hypertension, with a move towards its use to diagnose hypotension and resistant hypertension, to monitor therapy efficacy over a 24-h period, as well as for assessing nocturnal BP dipping (difference between daytime and night-time BP) [59].