Further questions referred to the movie the subject attended, having noticed smoking in the movie, opinion on smoking in that movie, and www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html on smoking in general. Subjects had exited 26 movies; research assistants attended each movie with a timer and clocked the duration of any appearance of smoking on screen. Twelve of the movies contained smoking. Movie rating was added as a covariate in order to exclude the possibility that subjects were responding to violence or another aspect of more adult-oriented films besides smoking. The German film rating system, called the Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (Voluntary Self-Control of the Film Business: FSK) system, rates films mainly on violent content; the film categories have some overlap with Motion Picture Association of America categories (Hanewinkel, Morgenstern, Tanski, & Sargent, 2008).
The categories indicate the age below which children will not be admitted to the movie; the categories are: FSK 0, FSK 6, FSK 12, FSK 16, and FSK 18. Statistical analysis Urge to smoke was modeled using a least squares regression in Stata 9.0. Age was entered as a continuous variable, and categories for the rest were entered as dummy variables. We controlled for other factors that we thought could predict urge to smoke and movie choice. First, we included movie as a random effect in the model to control for individual characteristics that might be associated with movie choice (intraclass correlation for movie was small, 0.014). We entered the following covariates as fixed effects: age (in years), sex, HSI, time since last cigarette, and German movie rating.
Results are reported for unadjusted (crude) and adjusted beta estimates, with two-tailed 95% CIs determined using the ��cluster�� option to adjust SEs for intragroup correlation at the movie level. Results Characteristics of the participants Some 2,817 of the participants were aged 18 years or older, 585 were smokers, and 536 had complete data for all study variables. Median age was 26 years (interquartile range, 21�C39) and 52% were female. Thirty-eight percent of the participants smoked less than half a pack per day and 13% smoked a pack or more per day; HSI score was 2 or below in 60%. Description of movie smoking and evaluation of dose�Cresponse Length of smoking scenes for the 12 movies with smoking ranged from 1 to 3,259 s; two movies with large viewership (one was ��Bond��) each contained 50 s of smoking.
Considering this, dose of smoking was parsed into 3 categories, 1�C11 (37 subjects), 11�C54 (184 subjects), and ��55 s (73 subjects). We examined the relation between the three categories of on-screen smoking and urge to smoke (Figure 1) and found that the median increased from 6 for smokers seeing no smoking Carfilzomib to 7 for movies with 1�C11 or 11�C54 s of smoking and 8 for movies with ��55 s of smoking.