The reducing power was highly correlated with the total polyphenol contents (r = 0.998, p < 0.001; Table 2). Significant correlations have been observed between the polyphenol contents of HGR and the ABTS, DPPH, and reducing power (r = 0.998, −0.646, 0.999, respectively; p < 0.01, p < 0.001). Significant correlations also exist between the polyphenol contents of HGL and the ABTS, DPPH, and reducing power (r = 0.998, −0.646, 0.999, respectively; p < 0.01). In conclusion, the total ginsenoside contents of HGR and HGL following heat treatment were significantly higher than those of the raw material. Furthermore, the ginsenoside

contents of HGL were higher than those of HGR. The antioxidant activities of HGR and HGL can be enhanced by heat treatment, and the antioxidant activity of HGL was higher than that of HGR. These results DZNeP solubility dmso may aid in improving the biological activity and quality of ginseng subjected to heat treatments, and in general applying to the additional food and natural products for antioxidant capability. All authors declare no conflicts of interest. “
“Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer)

is a multifunctional therapeutic herb that is commonly used find more throughout the world. Primarily in East Asia, ginseng has been used as traditional medicine to enhance the immune system, control blood pressure, and strengthen the cardiovascular system [1]. The ginseng herb is processed using various methods. For example, peeled ginseng root turns white when dried in the sun, which has led to it being called

white ginseng, whereas red ginseng is produced by steaming and drying. A wide variety of pharmacological properties have been reported for ginseng, such as anti-oxidant, anti-stress, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti-tumor effects [2], [3], [4] and [5]. The ginseng herb and ginseng-derived Edoxaban products include multiple secondary metabolites, such as protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Rg3), protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type (e.g., ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rg2), and oleanane (OCO)-type ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside Ro) [6]. Different ginsenoside ratios have been reported for different species, geographical origins, and processing methods, and such ratios are considered to be responsible for the different bioactivities [7] and [8]. Metabolomics primarily focuses on comprehensive and quantitative profiling for small-molecule metabolites in a biological system. It has been applied to a variety of areas, such as plant toxicology, nutrition, and systems biology [9], [10] and [11]. Multiple analytical methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, have been applied in metabolic profiling in order to differentiate Panax species [12], [13] and [14].