Here this issue is examined from the perspective of event-related beta (14-30 Hz) oscillatory activity. Two macaque monkeys performed a task that began with a self-initiated lever depression

and maintenance (sustained motor output) and required a visual pattern discrimination followed by either a lever release (GO) or continued lever-holding (NO-GO) response. Analyzing simultaneous local field potentials (LFPs) from primary somatosensory, frontal motor, and posterior parietal cortices, we report two results. First, beta oscillation desynchronized shortly after stimulus presentation, selleck the onset of which was approximately the same for both the GO and NO-GO conditions (similar to 110 ms). Since it is well known that beta desynchronization is a reliable indicator of movement preparation, this result suggests that early motor preparation took place in both conditions. Second, following the GO/NO-GO decision (similar to 190

ms), beta activity rebounded significantly (similar to 300 ms) only in the NO-GO condition. Coherence and Granger causality measures revealed that the dynamical organization of the rebounded beta network was similar to that existing during the sustained motor output prior to stimulus onset. This finding suggests that response inhibition led to the restoration of the sensorimotor network to its prestimulus state. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The territory size distribution of the termites CBL0137 cost Nasutitermes nigriceps and Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae) in a mangrove forest on the Atlantic coast of Panama showed a rapidly decline region in the rear part and was strongly affected by the degree of connection between the prop roots of mangrove trees [Adams, E.S., Levings, S., 1987. Territory size and population limits in mangrove termites. J. Anim. Ecol. 56, 1069-1081]. To account for these empirical facts, we introduced a lattice model to simulate territorial competition under seasonal cycle, dry and wet season. The simulated territory grew during the wet season while

it shrunk during the dry season. The model simulation showed that the shrinkage and expansion process resulted in winner and loser territories in the territorial competition, which consequently led to Metformin nmr generate the declining regions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The present study was to investigate and evaluate the dynamic changes of calcium homeostasis of soleus muscle spindle for the exploration of the potential mechanisms of muscle spindle degeneration induced by hindlimb unloading. We systematically observed the changes in immunoreactivity of calbindin D28K (CaBP-D28K), intracellular resting calcium in intrafusal fibers of soleus muscle spindle, and the responsiveness of muscle spindles to ramp-and-hold stretches after short- and long-term (3, 7,14 d) hindlimb unloading.