Figure 2 Spore germination of slow-germinating strains and of gerAA disruption mutant complemented with gerA sequences from slow-germinating strains. ab: Germination of MW3∆gerAA (x), the wild-type strains ATCC14580 (■), NVH 1032 (▲), NVH1112 (●) and NVH800 (♦) measured as reduction in absorbance (A600) after addition of germinant (100 mM L-alanine). cd: Spore germination of the MW3∆gerAA (x), and MW3∆gerAA complemented with gerA from ATCC14580 (□ NVH1311), NVH1032 (∆ NVH1309), NVH1112 (○ NVH1321) and NVH800 (◊ NVH1322) measured as reduction

in absorbance (A600) after addition of germinant (100 mM L-alanine). The results represent the average (SD) of three https://www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html independent spore batches. The type strain derivate MW3 (dotted line) has been included in Figure  3D for comparison. An important observation was that, in contrast to Løvdal et al. 2012 [28], L-alanine-induced germination was not completely abolished in MW3∆gerAA (NVH1307). This weak germination (~10%

phase dark spores after 120 min) was not observed in YM155 order absence of germinant, indicating Volasertib that germination receptors other than GerA might be weakly activated by L-alanine. We also noted that spores of the slow-germinating strain NVH1112 hardly germinated at all, and to a lesser extent than MW3∆gerAA (Figure  2a,b). When complementing MW3∆gerAA with the gerA operon from NVH1112 (NVH1321) germination efficiency increased, indicating that the gerA operon of NVH1112 has some functionality in presence of L-alanine. A faster and more efficient germination of the complementation mutants compared to their respectively

gerA originating strains was also observed for NVH1322 (gerA from NVH800) and NVH 1309 (gerA from NVH1032). The imperfect complementation of the phenotypes may be due to several different factors. Firstly, a two- to seventeen-fold increase in expression level of gerAA was observed when MW3∆gerAA was complemented with different gerA sequences and compared to the wild-type Edoxaban strains from where the gerA sequences originated (Figure  3). The increased gerAA expression level in the complementation mutants might be related to the copy-number of the plasmid pHT315 (15 copies per cell). Previous experiments have shown that a 2–200 fold overexpression of ger genes may increase germination rate [45, 46]. Figure 3 Relative gene expression of gerAA. Transcription level of gerAA relative to rpoB determined by qRT-PCR in B. licheniformis MW3, B. licheniformis NVH1032, B. licheniformis NVH 800, B. licheniformis NVH1112, and MW3∆gerAA complemented with gerA from the four abovementioned strains. The horizontal line in the box represents the median expression value, and the box encompasses 50% of the observations (first quartile (Q1) to third quartile (Q3)). The ends of the whisker are set at 1.5*IQR above the third quartile and 1.5*IQR below the first quartile.