Conclusions: GA treatment decreases blood pressure and proteinuria in diabetic mice and may thus prove beneficial in diabetic nephropathy. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The PA28 complexes (also termed REG or 11S complexes) are described as activators of the 20S proteasome,

a major intracellular protease in eukaryotic cells. They bind to the ends of the barrel-shaped 20S proteasome, and activate its peptidase activities. The interferon gamma inducible PA28 alpha beta, made of the two related subunits PA28 alpha and beta, is under sustained investigation as it plays important roles in the production by the proteasome of class I Y-27632 datasheet antigen peptides. However, in vitro studies of this complex have been impaired by the difficulty of producing large amount of this protein, mainly due to the poor solubility of its beta subunit when expressed in Escherichia coli. Here we describe the construction of a bicistronic vector, allowing simultaneous production of functional human PA28 alpha and beta subunits in E. coli. Co-expression of the two proteins allows

SN-38 order efficient formation of active PA28 alpha beta complexes, that remain soluble and can be easily purified by regular chromatographic procedures. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Bacteriophages are viruses of bacteria that are used for controlling bacterial food-borne pathogens and have been proposed for more extensive usage in infection control. Protists are now recognised to harbour viruses and virus-like particles. We propose that investigation of their prevalence in parasites be intensified. We also propose

that such viruses might be considered for virotherapy to control certain parasite infections of man and animals.”
“The effect of nicotine exposure on the subsequent self-administration of amphetamine, extinction of this behavior, and amphetamine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking was assessed with particular attention to the contribution of contextual tuclazepam stimuli paired or unpaired with nicotine during exposure. Rats were exposed to five injections, one injection every third day, of either saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, P. base) in three experiments. In one, exposure injections were administered in the home cage. In another, they were administered in the self-administration chambers with the levers retracted. In a third, nicotine was administered either explicitly paired or unpaired with the self-administration chambers using a discrimination learning procedure. Starting 13-15 days later, rats were trained to self-administer amphetamine (100 mu g/kg/infusion, IV), tested under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule for 6 days, subjected to up to 20 days of extinction training, and were then tested for reinstatement by non-contingent injections of amphetamine (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.75 mg/kg, IP).