[39, 40] and often a correlation between mRNA expression and protease activity is lacking [41]. Nevertheless, absence of mRNA does indicate absence of the protein and is, therefore, useful because a lack of cross-reactivity of the available antibodies hinders interspecies comparisons. One problem in the evaluation of protease activity by synthetic substrates may be the lack of specificity of these peptides. Although different proteases degrade

similar substrates in vivo, the choice of the fixation, evaluation of the staining by microscopy as well as the inclusion of appropriate learn more inhibitors makes false positive results in this study highly unlikely. Peptides with proline in the penultimate position at the amine terminus are only cleaved by DPP IV and its homologues [42]. APN selectively cleaves peptides with alanine in the penultimate position. Activities of DPP IV and APN are Mizoribine price inhibited almost completely by inclusion of diisopropyl fluorophosphate and 1,l0-phenanthroline, respectively [43], showing that under the conditions used, the staining is specific. Differentiation between proteases with similar substrate specificity and catalytic centers, for instance DPP II and DPP IV, can be achieved by using the appropriate fixation protocols [44]. We also showed here that differences between porcine and human thyrocytes are not restricted to the expression of protease activities. Although porcine

thyrocytes re-organized into Edoxaban follicle-like structures similar to those SIS3 price seen in human, the TSH-induced increase in iodide uptake was slightly smaller than reported for human cells (7–10 times,[45, 46]). More importantly, the reaction to thiamazole differed between porcine and human thyrocytes. Whereas these inhibitors

of iodide organification have no effect on iodide uptake in cultured human thyrocytes [47], they depressed iodide uptake in our study (porcine thyrocytes) as well as in studies on canine thyrocytes [48, 49]. Conclusion The presented data show that expression of membrane-associated proteases in thyrocytes is subject to inter-species variations. Although thyrocytes from animals are useful tools for the investigation of human thyrocytes, for studying protease changes porcine thyrocytes appear to be less suited than thyrocytes from other species. References 1. Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Parks LAM, Coon HG: Culture of hormone-dependant functional epithelial cells from rat thyroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1980, 77:3455–3459.PubMedCrossRef 2. Kimura T, Van Keymeulen A, Golstein J, Fusco A, Dumont JE, Roger PP: Regulation of thyroid cell proliferation by TSH and other factors: a critical evaluation of in vitro models. Endocr Rev 2001, 22:631–656.PubMedCrossRef 3. Dumont JE, Lamy F, Roger P, Maenhaut C: Physiological and pathological regulation of thyroid cell proliferation and differentiation by thyrotropin and other factors.