12-14 If we consider the state of mind of the deposed animal after he has been beaten, but before he has reconciled,

we can see the need for some reorganization of goals and attitudes: we have suggested that depressed mood may help the animal give up the goal of retaining his high rank, and reconcile him to his inferior social position.15 However, the depression does not help him reconcile with his supplanter. Here there is a role for generalized anxiety, with its frantic search for safety. There is only one source of safety in the chimpanzee world, and that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is from the victorious animal, and so the deposed animal turns to the victor for reassurance and protection, and is so needful of safety that, he accepts the terms of the conditional reconciliation, and his gratitude for the relief of anxiety overcomes his resentment at being deposed. In this hypothetical situation, we can see how depression and anxiety can work together to achieve what has been called Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical “functional

agonism.”16 Such a scenario has been reported in a street-corner gang,17 which is probably the nearest, that human society gets to a chimpanzee group. However, most human social life is infinitely complex and the simple situation of the chimpanzee or the human gang cannot, be discerned. From the research point, of view, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical our ideas stress the importance of the work carried out by Gilbert and his colleagues in Derby, UK,18 and others,19 into the relation between depressed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and anxious mood and submissive behavior. From the treatment point, of view, we endorse the approach of interpersonal psychotherapy, which explores current, conflicts in the lives of patients.20 Unresolved rebellions against, parents and other powerful people http://www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-4945-silmitasertib.html should be explored. Also, given that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in human society, it is often the group as a whole, rather than individuals, who exercise power, the patient’s relations with “authority” should be examined, and, for instance, any questionable self-assertion should be avoided, such as submitting inflated expense accounts or massaged (false) tax returns. This is similar to the

suggestion of Buss21 that anxiety helps prevent unattractive, incompetent, or Cell press deviant people from being excluded from their group; anxiety may not make people more attractive and competent, but it can make them less deviant, and it, can help to reconcile unattractive group members to a more subordinate role in which they may be better tolerated. One cannot help noticing that in a Christian country, many of the population submit, to a powerful figure even’ week, confessing their sins, going through a ritual not unlike the conditional reconciliation of the chimpanzee. One recalls that C. S. Lewis, in The Problem of Pain, concluded that, the function of mental pain is to reconcile man to God Lewis, having experienced severe depression, concluded that man is so proud and arrogant that to achieve submission even this degree of mental pain is required.