Rats in stressed group performed worse in reversal learning related stages, while rats in stressed+memantine group performed worse in spatial

memory related stages. LTP test showed lower amplitude of field excitatory postsynaptic potential Selleck SP600125 in prefrontal cortex in stressed group. Immunohistochemistry showed lower expression of NR2B receptor in prefrontal cortex in stressed group, and higher expression in hippocampus in stressed+ memantine group. In conclusion, memantine in dose of 20 mg/kg improves the sucrose consumption, reversal learning and prefrontal cortical synaptic plasticity, but impairs spatial memory, which is probably due to different extent of upregulating NR2B receptor expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in stressed rats. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cell entry of reovirus requires a series of ordered steps, which include conformational changes in outer capsid protein mu 1 and its autocleavage. The mu 1N fragment released as a consequence of these events

interacts with host cell membranes and mediates their disruption, leading to delivery of the viral core into the cytoplasm. The prototype reovirus strains T1L and T3D exhibit differences in the efficiency of autocleavage, in the propensity to undergo conformational changes required for membrane penetration, and in the capacity for penetrating host cell membranes. To better understand how polymorphic differences in mu 1 influence reovirus entry events, we generated recombinant viruses that express chimeric T1L-T3D mu 1 proteins and characterized them for the capacity to efficiently see more complete each step required for membrane penetration. Our studies revealed see more two important functions for the central delta region of mu 1. First, we found that mu 1 autocleavage is regulated by the N-terminal portion of delta, which forms an alpha-helical pedestal structure. Second, we observed

that the C-terminal portion of delta, which forms a jelly-roll beta barrel structure, regulates membrane penetration by influencing the efficiency of ISVP* formation. Thus, our studies highlight the molecular basis for differences in the membrane penetration efficiency displayed by prototype reovirus strains and suggest that distinct portions of the reovirus delta domain influence different steps during entry.”
“The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is important for regulating protein translation. The present study characterized the role of mTOR-dependent translation in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) during the consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memory. We first showed that fear conditioning resulted in increased phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase (p70s6K) in the DH and that infusion of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAP) into the DH immediately after training disrupted formation of long-term contextual fear memory.