The dotted horizontal line learn more represents the cut-off value for adherence. The dashed vertical line indicates the separation of the biofilm formation assay. vs: versus, ***P < 0.0001, **P < 0.001, black dot: isolate AC 7070, black triangle: isolate AC 1181. The analysis of biofilm formation demonstrated that all strains have the

capability to adhere to polystyrene surfaces and form biofilms (Fig. 4). Isolates 10672, AC1135 and strain DSM 16831 revealed the highest biofilm formation; remarkably, strain DSM 16831 had no capacity to invade cells. Correlation analysis of adherence to or invasion of endothelial cells and biofilm formation revealed no correlation. Additionally, no correlation was found between adherence to different ECM proteins and biofilm formation. Discussion and Conclusions S. gallolyticus click here is an important pathogen with an underestimated relevance causing IE. The frequent changes in the taxonomy resulted in an inadequate or incorrect identification of the causative pathogens, because non-experts were often not aware of the new nomenclature (e.g. [42]). In contrast to Tozasertib other streptococci, little is known about virulence factors and pathogenesis. The adherence of circulating bacteria to damaged heart tissues and subsequent colonization and persistence of bacteria are the crucial factors in streptococcal IE. The prevention of tissue colonization, with special

attention to targeting therapy against ECM-binding, potentially provides a promising alternative in human medicine [43]. Therefore, we analyzed the factors which contribute to S. check gallolyticus adhesion and invasion in IE using an experimental in vitro cell culture model. Investigation

of the adhesion to ECM proteins identified or confirmed putative adhesive sites on the endothelial cell surface. Additionally, virulence factors were detected and biofilm formation was analyzed in order to identify different strain characteristics. Most S. gallolyticus strains tested in this study adhere to and invade endothelial cells. The diversity in adhesion and invasion characteristics appears considerably higher for invasion. Strain DSM 16831 exclusively demonstrated no invasive capability. Invasion was also not induced using higher concentrations of bacteria, usage of primary endothelial cells or mechanical stretched cells. In contrast, strain DSM 13808 present a considerably high invasion. The distinct behaviour of these two strains may be due to the fact that they were the only strains tested that were isolated from non-human sources. In general, the observed differences may reflect distinctions in the bacterial equipment with virulence factors or gene expression of virulence factors. We have shown that isolate represent a different distribution of the virulence-associated genes gtf, fimB and pilB. However, the presence of a putative virulence gene does not necessarily indicate expression. For example, Stipp et al.