hydrophila J-1 and NJ-4 cultures mixed with an equal volume of PYG medium and T. thermophila BF1 cell suspensions without bacteria served as controls. An equal volume of LB and PYG mixture

was used as the blank. The plate was incubated overnight at 30 °C. The growth of bacteria was determined by measuring the changes of OD450 nm. Tetrahymena cells only accounted for a negligible absorbance (Benghezal www.selleckchem.com/screening/chemical-library.html et al., 2007). The starter culture of T. thermophila BF1 was cultured at 30 °C overnight and 5 mL was used to inoculate 100 mL fresh PYG in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask for 48 h at 30 °C without shaking. Tetrahymena thermophila were then starved following centrifugation at 2000 g for 10 min at 15 °C, washed in PBSS (2 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 0.5 mM MgCl2 and pH 7.0 adjusted with Tris) once and maintained in PBSS for 12 h at 30 °C without shaking. Tetrahymena thermophila BF1 were counted using a hemacytometer and then diluted in PBSS to a concentration of 105 cells mL−1. Twenty-five milliliters of T. thermophila BF1 diluted in PBSS was then transferred into a 50-mL centrifuge tube and incubated at 30 °C for 1 h. Aeromonas hydrophila J-1 and NJ-4 at a multiplicity of infection of 100 were added to respective Autophagy inhibitor chemical structure tubes and 1-mL aliquots were collected into 1.5-mL Eppendorf tubes. Two aliquots were examined every 6 h to assess T. thermophila BF1 biomass and the presence of

intracellular bacteria. The T. thermophila BF1 biomass was measured by counting live organisms using a hemacytometer. The number of intracellular A. hydrophila J-1 or NJ-4 was determined using a gentamycin protection assay as follows: 80 μg mL−1 gentamycin in PBSS was added to a 900-μL co-culture for 1 h to kill extracellular bacteria. Samples were then centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 min and the ciliates were collected and washed once in PBSS. The T. thermophila pellet was then resuspended in 900 μL of 1% Triton X-100 for 30 min at 37 °C in order to release intracellular bacteria. The lysates were serially diluted in PBSS and plated on LB agar plates. The number of

bacterial colonies was counted after inoculation FER at 37 °C overnight. A fragment containing the entire green fluorescent protein (GFP) ORF was cloned from pFPV25.1 into the SacI site of the vector pWSK129. This construct, pWSK129-gfp, was subsequently transformed into A. hydrophila J-1, thus producing a GFP-expressing A. hydrophila J-1 (AhJ-1GFP). To assess the intracellular localization of AhJ-1GFP within T. thermophila BF1, starved T. thermophila BF1 cultures were co-cultured with AhJ-1GFP for 4–5 h at 30 °C and examined using a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss). Tetrahymena thermophila BF1 not incubated with AhJ-1GFP was used as the negative control. After T. thermophila BF1 were co-cultured with A. hydrophila J-1 in LB for 2 h, the ciliates were pelleted and immediately fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde.