When compared with strategy B, the MAT-specific activity remained nearly constant, whereas the expression level increased to 1.27 g/L. The alkaline pH GSK621 cost control strategy presented herein for MAT production represents an excellent

alternative for expressing proteins that are stable only under alkaline conditions.”
“In this study, the taxonomic status of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria belonging to the genus Allochromatium is revisited. The inter- and intraspecies relationship of seven Allochromatium strains, including a set of well described type strains, were examined by DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using segments of seven protein-coding genes. The re-sequencing of the 16S rRNA, the internal transcriber spacer (ITS), multi-gene analysis and DDH comparison indicated that both type strains Allochromatium vinosum DSM 180(T) and Allochromatium minutissimum DSM 1376(T) are closely related to each other forming an independent cluster together with the strains A. vinosum DSM 183 and DSM 1686. The internal comparison of members of this A. vinosum phylogroup

showed values of DDH relatedness above 80% and concatenated sequence similarities (4744 bp) above 98%. In contrast, the MLSA scheme has identified A. vinosum strain BH-2 as a separate lineage. Strain BH-2 was first classified as a member of the species A. vinosum NU7026 in vivo based on DDH comparison. However, this strain showed the lowest similarity values of the 16S rRNA gene and concatenated sequences, as well as amino acid identity (AAI) when compared to other Allochromatium strains, suggesting that strain BH-2 may represent a new species. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.”
“Although sexual selection is an important cause of display evolution, in socially monogamous Nocodazole inhibitor species (e. g. many birds), displays continue after formation of the pair bond. Here, we consider that these displays evolve because they stimulate the partner to increase investment in offspring.

Our study is motivated by elaborate mutual displays in species that are largely monomorphic and have long-term pair bonds (e. g. the great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus) and by many empirical results evidencing that display manipulation affects parental investment. Using population genetic models, we show that a necessary condition for the permanent establishment of mutual displays in the pair bond is that the benefit of investment by the pair is more than twice that resulting from investment by a single individual. Pre-existing biases to respond to displays by increased investment are a necessary component of display evolution. We also consider examples where one sex (e. g. males) stimulates increased investment in offspring by the other sex. Here, display and additional investment cannot evolve permanently, but can increase and linger at high frequency for a long time before loss.