Finally,

1:1 phase synchrony between the resultant filtered envelope and the original envelope of the slower oscillation was estimated using PLV1:1 statistics to quantify the strength of phase-amplitude modulation (referred to as PLVPAM), which is one of the most common manifestations of nesting. The analysis of spike timing with respect to LFP phase was performed for gamma, alpha and theta oscillations during an active attractor-coding state. The reference rhythms and their instantaneous phase were obtained by filtering and applying a Hilbert transform. In addition, a more detailed examination was made to distinguish peaks in the phase distribution OSI-744 mouse for the gamma rhythm when studying individual Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor contributions from basket and pyramidal cells. The signals generated within each hypercolumn were then matched with the spikes produced by the corresponding

local basket and pyramidal cells. In addition, spikes produced by basket cells from other hypercolumns were also examined to compare with the local phase distribution. All the firing phase distributions were statistically assessed using circular statistics. First, in order to test the null hypothesis about uniform circular distribution of the gamma phases of spikes produced locally by pyramidal and basket cells, Rao’s spacing test (Rao, 1976), Hodges–Ajne test (Zar, 1999) and the standard Rayleigh test (Fischer, 1995) were performed (Berens, 2009). Since the hypothesis about the uniformity of the phase firing was rejected in both cases at the 0.05 significance level, it was verified whether these circular random variables followed a von Mises distribution by estimating Watson’s U2 statistic ( Lockhart and Stephens, 1985). However, the hypotheses for both pyramidal and basket cells were rejected and in consequence, a nonparametric evaluation of the preferred phase of firing with 95% confidence intervals was performed using a bootstrap computation of the circular Hodges–Lehmann statistic as a point estimate along

with a so-called equal-tailed arc as an interval estimate ( Otieno, 2002 and Otieno Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase and Anderson-Cook, 2006). These techniques have been demonstrated to perform well for skewed or nonsymmetrical sample distributions ( Otieno, 2002), as in the cases investigated here. Finally, the null-hypothesis that the two mean preferred phases (for pyramidal and basket cells) were equal was subjected to nonparametric permutation test (p<0.01). Circular visualization of firing phase distributions with respect to theta, alpha and gamma rhythms was made with the use of the circular statistics toolbox (Berens, 2009) in MATLAB. The analysis of instantaneous firing rates in the model during attractor activation was performed using peri-stimulus time histogram by aligning spike sequences with respect to the attractor onset.