Approval for human research was obtained from both the Human JNK signaling inhibitors Investigation Committee at Wayne State University and the Ethics Committee

at the University of Cape Town (UCT) Faculty of Health Sciences. The 107 infants and mothers included in this study of effects on symbolic play are all those for whom complete data were available on the 17 prenatal alcohol exposure, play, and sociodemographic variables examined here. All women who reported drinking during pregnancy were advised to stop or reduce their intake, and all mothers were invited to participate in a home visitor intervention.1 The mother and child were transported by a staff driver and research nurse at 6.5, 12, and 13 months and 5 years buy MK-1775 to our laboratory at the UCT Faculty of Health Sciences, where the maternal interviews and neurobehavioral assessments were performed. At 5 years they were also transported to the FASD diagnostic clinic, which was held at a neighborhood church. Each mother was re-interviewed antenatally and at 1-month postpartum regarding her pregnancy alcohol and drug use. Interviews were conducted in Afrikaans or English,

depending on the mother’s preference. Each mother–infant dyad was provided breakfast prior to the assessments and interviews. All infant assessments were conducted and coded by research staff who were blind with respect to maternal alcohol use and group status; all maternal interviews including the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) were conducted by a developmental pediatrician (C. Liothyronine Sodium D. Molteno) or research staff member who did not observe the infant cognitive or play assessments. In the initial timeline follow-back interview administered at recruitment in the MOU, the mother was asked about her drinking on a day-by-day basis during a typical 2-week period around the time of conception, with recall

linked to specific times of day activities. If her drinking had changed since conception, she was also asked about her drinking during the past 2 weeks and when her drinking had changed. At the follow-up antenatal visit in our laboratory, the mother was asked about her drinking during the previous 2 weeks. If there were any weeks since the recruitment visit when she drank greater quantities, she was asked to report her drinking for those weeks as well. At the 1-month postpartum visit, the mother was asked about her drinking during a typical 2-week period during the latter part of pregnancy, as well as her drinking during any weeks during that period when she drank greater quantities. Volume was recorded for each type of alcohol beverage consumed and converted to oz of AA by using the weights proposed by Bowman, Stein, and Newton (1975; liquor—0.4, beer—0.04, wine—0.2).