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Rev 1998, 62:334–361.PubMed 36. Schroeder WA, Johnson EA: Antioxidant role of carotenoids in Phaffia Rhodozyma . J Gen Microbiol 1993, 139:907–912. 37. Liu YS, Wu JY: Hydrogen peroxide-induced astaxanthin biosynthesis and catalase activity in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006, 73:663–668.PubMedCrossRef 38. Calo P, De Miguel T, Velázquez JB, Villa TG: Mevalonic acid increases trans astaxanthin and carotenoid biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma . Biotechnol Lett 1995, 17:575–578.CrossRef 39. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative Galunisertib in vitro gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001, 25:402–408.PubMedCrossRef Protease Inhibitor Library 40. Britton G, Pfander H, Liaaen-Jensen S: Carotenoids Handbook. Birkhäuser Verlag; 2004. Authors’ contributions AM and MN participated in the design of the study, conducted the transcriptional repression analysis of the genes involved in the synthesis of astaxanthin and cloned the grg2 and PDC genes. AW and CL conducted the pigment analysis. JA participated in the construction of mutant strains. MB
participated in the study design. VC conceived this work and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Due to animal welfare considerations the EU has banned the use of conventional cages (CC) for laying hens from 2012, and alternative systems such as furnished cage systems (FC), floor systems or aviaries (AV) have been proposed to replace these [1]. Traditionally, hens have been housed in minor cages with groups of 4-6 individuals, and the alternative systems are based on larger groups of more than 60 hens. In these cages layers are provided more space and facilities for natural behaviour, however a more aggressive nature among the laying hens has been observed [2], and environmental Ibrutinib cell line problems with a higher bacterial contamination
level have also been noted [1]. This has led to concerns about an increased risk of transmission of Salmonella to humans due to a general higher level of microbial contamination of the shell of eggs derived from hens housed in alternative housing systems [3]. It is not known whether the combination of larger group sizes and social stress may increase the susceptibility to colonization by Salmonella. Stressing laying hens by feed withdrawal is a traditional method to induce molting, and in several studies this have resulted in an increase in the susceptibility towards colonization by Salmonella [4, 5]. The mechanism behind this is not well understood, but the starvation may affect the balance between different microbial populations in the intestinal microbiota [5–7], as a reduction in diversity is observed which may lower the natural competitive barrier [5].