A contribution of bacteriocin production by vaginal probiotics to

A contribution of bacteriocin production by vaginal probiotics to probiotic activity has not been demonstrated experimentally, but formation of the bacteriocin Abp118 by Lactobacillus salivarius UC118 conferred resistance to infection by Listeria monocytogenes in mice [14]. The microbial flora of a GSK461364 mouse healthy bovine reproductive tract consists of a combination of aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and obligately anaerobic microorganisms. Lactobacilli were found to be present in low numbers in the bovine vaginal microbiota [15]; additionally,

Enterobacteriaceae are among the dominant populations [16]. However, alterations in the vaginal microbiota composition in the first weeks after parturition, i.e. the time during which metritis develops, remain poorly documented. The aim of our study is to characterize the vaginal CHIR98014 microbiota of both healthy pregnant and infected post-partum cows by culture-dependent analysis. In addition, retrospective culture independent quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was used to characterize the vaginal microbiota of metritic cows two weeks before and two weeks calving. Isolates were studied with regards to Shiga-like toxin and pediocin production. Results Composition of microbiota in healthy and infected dairy cows: Isolation and identification of bacterial species Analysis of the microbiota of the reproductive

tract of dairy cows was initially Lenvatinib nmr based on a qualitative, culture-dependent approach. Bacterial isolates were obtained from healthy, pre-partum animals (n = 7) or metritic, Fenbendazole post-partum animals (n = 8). Clonal isolates were eliminated by RAPD-PCR analysis and isolates differing in their origin, RAPD profile, or colony morphology were identified on the basis of the sequence of approximately 1400 bp of the 16S rRNA genes. Strain identification to species level was based

on 97% or greater sequence homology to type strains. Strains of the species E. coli could not be identified on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences alone because of the high homology of rDNA sequences to closely-related species such as Shigella spp. and Escherichia fergusonii. Classification of all E. coli strains was verified with species-specific PCR and API-20E test strips. The biochemical characteristics of isolates matched properties of E. coli (99.8%) in the API-20E database. The identity of thirty isolates and their origin is listed in Table 1. Table 1 Qualitative characterization of the vaginal microbiota of dairy cows Animal # FUA # Identified Species % Identity to Type Strain(a) Shiga -like Toxin Gene Pediocin Immunity Gene 2102 (Healthy) 3086 Staphylococcus epidermidis 0.990 n.d. n.d.   3087 Staphylococcus epidermidis 0.991 n.d. n.d.   3088 Staphylococcus warneri 0.985 n.d. n.d.   3089 Lactobacillus sakei 0.986 n.d. n.d. 2151 (Healthy) 1167 Proteus mirabilis 0.995 n.d. n.d.

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